This book is the first to give a complete overview of the current knowledge of annual fishes, covering their life cycle, reproductive biology, evolutionary ecology, reproductive behavior, sexual selection, genetics, speciation, and integrative and conservation strategies. It brings together researchers in different areas of annual fishes to summarize previous work, overview the current research, and highlight promising areas of research, and also notes the gaps in knowledge that challenge future research on these unique and important models in vertebrate biology.